A culture medium containing a vitamin is to be sterilized by the thermal method. The vitamin can be deactivated by heat. The deactivation of this vitamin follows a similar kinetic model as cell death. Assume that the number of initial spore contamination is 105/l in the bioreactor. The values of the pre-Arrhenius constant (a) and E0d for the spores are E0d = 65 kcal/g-mol and α = 1036 min-1. For the inactivation of the vitamin, the values of E0d and a are E0d = 10 kcal/g-mol and α= 104 min-1 The initial concentration of the vitamin is 30 mg/l. Calculate the amount of active vitamin in the sterilized medium for 10 L and 10,000 L fermenters when both are sterilized at 121⁰C. Both processes require in the probability of an unsuccessful fermentation to be 0.001. (Use the sterilization chart and ignore the effects of the heat-up/cool-down periods.)

“dear sir: it is with great reluctance, i trouble you on a subject, which does not fall within your province; but it is a subject that occasions me more distress, than i have felt, since the commencement of the war; and which loudly demands the most zealous exertions of every person of weight and authority, who is interested in the success of our affairs. i mean the present dreadful situation of the army for want of provisions, and the miserable prospects before us, with respect to futurity. it is more alarming than you will probably conceive, for, to form a just idea, it were necessary to be on the spot. for some days past, there has been little less, than a famine in camp. a part of the army has been a week, without any kind of flesh, and the rest for three or four days. naked and starving as they are, we cannot enough admire the incomparable patience and fidelity of the soldiery, that they have not been ere this excited by their sufferings, to a general mutiny or dispersion. strong symptoms, however, discontent have appeared in particular instances; and nothing but the most acitive efforts every where can long avert so shocking a catastrophe.” what’s the central idea?

Quantitive data can be measured quantitatively

According to c. wright mills (the sociological imagination), if one takes a â public issuesâ perspective, then one would look to the for their solution to the social problem.