Haley reads in a magazine that people who drink five cups of coffee a day are smarter and more productive than people who do not drink coffee. She does not drink coffee but is now considering drinking coffee every day. Which of the following information does she need to consider before making this decision?

a. Media tends to avoid drawing causal conclusions from correlational studies.
b. Just as we can generalize from a small group to all people, we also can apply conclusions from a group to an individual.
c. Media reports of information often leave out details about the nature of the sample used in a given study.
d. Quality of research and findings is uniform among all psychology journals.

c. Media reports of information often leave out details about the nature of the sample used in a given study.

Explanation:

Here Haley rushes to make conclusions based on what she read from the magazine without considering the missing information from the reports in the magazine- no information on how study was conducted such as the nature of sample used in the study to make conclusions that people who drink coffee are smarter than people who don't.

marginal cost is a microeconomic measure that us to evaluate the extent to which the level of production of a good is sustainable in accounting, that is, to how many quantities the company plans to profit from the production of the good.

the concept of marginal cost is simple, it means the cost of producing one more item. for example, in the case of pies, the marginal cost is the cost of producing one more pie than those that have already been produced.

it is important to understand that productive activity influences marginal cost. the marginal cost of some goods can be very high, while others may be insignificant. for example, the marginal cost of producing an extra plane is very high. already the marginal cost of a water company to provide 1l more water is derisory.

in the case of pies, the cost involves the inputs, the labor and the fixed cost, which involves the fixed space of the bakery. the level of production initially has the marginal cost decreasing because there is space and manpower available. however, to produce more you have to hire more workers and buy more inputs. if physical space is limited, workers will conflict with places, inputs and their productivity will decrease, meaning there is an optimum point of production for each level of space and manpower. from this point on, the productivity of the workers will be getting smaller because of lack of space, so that the marginal cost of producing one more pie will be increasing. so, although you have not posted the chart, but if you have the answer, you can see that my explanation goes according to the marginal cost curve that will increase from the 4th pie, answer (c).

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