Suppose you want to find out if using cell phones while driving a car affects the likelihood of having an accident. cell phone use would be the .
a. independent
b. control
c. extraneous
d. dependent

Independent variable

Explanation:

The independent variable is those variables that can be manipulated by an experimenter. It is opposite to the dependent variable. The effect can be seen through the manipulation in the independent variable on the dependent variable.

So that here in the above context if you want to find out that using cells during driving cause accident. The cell phone will be here as an independent variable. Because when cell phone manipulated it will show the effect of the accident. It depends on the cause and effect relationship.  

the united states has a federal government. the president is the head of the federal government of the united states. however, each state forms its government for administration purposes. the powers of the state governments are exercised within restricted state boundaries. and citizens participate in this government by voting.

i believe your answer is mountains.