What role did f. w. de klerk have in south africa's apartheid era?
a. he blacks secretly leave south africa.
b. he was the first black president of south africa.
c. he led protests against nelson mandela.
d. he was the president who ended apartheid.

He was the president who ended apartheid in South Africa.

Explanation:

F.W. de Klerk is a South African politician who served as State President of South Africa. He and his government dismantled the apartheid system and introduced universal suffrage. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace with Nelson Mandela. They were given the prize for peacefully ending apartheid and setting up a new democratic South Africa.

As a lawyer, as a parliamentarian, and as a member of the government F.W. de Klerk had stood out as a firm upholder of white privilege. But when he realized that the apartheid system was leading to both economic and political bankruptcy, he put himself at the head of a radical change of course. He began to  work secretly with ANC liberation movement and created the African constitution which gained Africa a Democratic government

the first one is d and the second a

the structure of state governments are determined by. "state constitutins'

under the us constitution, all state governments are.'republics'