All of the following are utility-related critiques of cognitive dissonance theory except
a. dissonance may not explain behavior as well as other theoretical frameworks.
b. self-perception may be what motivates people to act, not dissonance
c. the concept of dissonance is confounded by self-concept or impression management
d. social identity is not as useful a predictor of dissonance as psychological variables

Answer is D. Social identity is not as useful a predictor of dissonance as psychological variables.

Explanation:

Dissonance can simply be described as a situation or condition whereby the belief of an individual is not in agreement with his/her action.

And , Cognitive dissonance is the participation of an individual in an action that goes against or contradicts his/her values or beliefs.

The cognitive dissonance theory , which was proposed  by Leon Festinger in 1957, shows that individual will try to find a way psychologically to resolve the the discomfort experiencing through the contradiction between ones belief and action. And this process has been discovered in making them function very well in the real sense.

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