According to kohlberg, what level of moral development is marked by behavior based on external cues (i. e., avoiding punishment)?

The answer is preconventional.

Explanation:

During this stage, the first on Kholberg's structure of moral development, children don't have a personal moral code. Instead, they act on the codes set by adults and the possible consequences of breaking them (i.e. punishment). This stage usually appears during ages eight or nine.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.