In the excerpt from emile, reproduced in "listening to the past", rousseau argued that: a. it was unnecessary for girls to learn to read. b. girls were incapable of learning complex mathematics. c. girls should be educated for careers so as to be financially independent. d. education for boys and girls should be the same. e. girls' education should be oriented toward their future roles as mothers and housewives.

In e. c. tolman's experiment, some rats were trained to run through mazes for standard food goals, while other rats were allowed to explore the mazes for 10 days without food goals or other rewards. later, when food rewards were placed in a box at the far end of the maze, the previously unrewarded rats reached the food box as quickly as the rewarded rats after only one or two trials. this experiment demonstrated that the rats had the ability to form of their surroundings.