Marlene's parents spank her with a paddle whenever she misbehaves. because of this, marlene is afraid whenever the paddle is in sight. her parents move the paddle to a closet that squeaks. marlene soon grows afraid of the squeak of the closet door because it predicts the appearance of the paddle, and the paddle predicts a spanking and pain. this is an example of conditioning.

a. backward
b. higher-order
c. simultaneous
d. escape

Answer is B, higher order conditioning.

Explanation:

Higher order conditioning is a situation or occurrence where a stimulus without effect,i.e a neutral stimulus, is connected or used together with a conditioned stimulus, in order to create the same output or result as the conditioned stimulus.

In the case of Marlene, the neutral stimulus is the closet door that squeak, initially, Marlene was not afraid of the squeaking of the closet door, but started getting afraid when she knew that the paddle was there. This is because she knew that the paddle was used for spanking her, which she feared a lot.

absolute poverty the condition of having too little income to buy the necessities-- food, shelter, clothing, health care.

achieved status a social position (status) obtained through an individual's own talents and efforts.

affirmative action the requirement that employers make special efforts to recruits hire and promote qualified members of previously excluded groups including women and minorities.

aggregate a collection of unrelated people who do not know one another but who may occupy a common space--for example, a crowd of people crossing a city street.

agrarian societies societies in which large scale cultivation using plows and draft animals is the primary means of subsistence.

alienation the separation or estrangement of individuals from themselves and from others.

amalgamation the biological as well as cultural assimilation (merging) of racial or ethnic groups.

anomalies in science observations or problems that cannot be explained or solved in terms of a prevailing paradigm.

anomie a breakdown or confusion in the norms, values, and culture of a group or a society. a condition of relative normlessness.

anomie theory the theory suggesting that deviance and crime occur when there is an acute gap between cultural norms and goals and the socially structured opportunities for individuals to achieve those goals.

anticipatory socialization the process of taking on the attitudes values and behaviors of a status or role one expects to occupy in the future.

apartheid the recent policy of racial separation in south africa enforced by leg

explanation:

answer would be b, a tariffs main purpose is to protect domestic production and jobs.