The hypothesis refers to an escape hatch or a loophole that defenders of a theory or belief can use to insulate their belief from falsification.
a. ad hoc immunizing
b. confirmatory
c. representativeness
d. availability heuristic

a)

Explanation:

Ad hoc immunizing, which is a hypothesis added to a theory in order to save it from being falsified.  Some times is employed to compensate for anomalies not anticipated by the theory in its unmodified form

no , per capita income is not a true measure of the development because: -it only tells us about average income not how income is distributed among the people.it only give us an idea of the economic aspect.it is only at the qualitative basis.moreover, income is not only the way of development other factors are also as much as important as income.

a small town is a good definition for new france in 1750. new france was the area colonized by france in north america. the area is nowadays the city of quebec in canada.