Given the situation of the residents and that they did not take advantage of opportunities available to them, a(n) resulted where there is little chance of upward mobility.
a. culture of poverty
b. anomie
c. underclass
d. collective efficacy

Underclass

Explanation:

Underclass refers to the group of people who are placed at the lowest totem pole of societal hierarchy.

In modern countries, there is actually a lot of ways for people to mobilize and move up in societal hierarchy. But often times, people who actually need it do not take advantage of the opportunities around them.

For example,

There are a lot of scholarships that is aimed specifically for the poor to help them in pursuing high education. Which include tuition fee and cost of living.

But often times, these poor students already pre-occupied with other part-time to sustain their living to the point where they don't even realize that such scholarship existed. So in the end, their attention is divided between jobs and studies. This make them unable to fully focus on actually do good in school.