Stan has been extremely afraid of cats since he was scratched as a 5-year-old. whenever he sees a cat, he remembers the time he was scratched across his face, and he starts to feel afraid. if a cat comes towards him, he often runs away immediately as he is afraid of being scratched again. stan’s behaviors and recollection of this trauma is a result of the in the limbic system.

Recall that in one condition of the experiment conducted by stasser and titus (1985) about student council president candidates, all group members had access to the same information, and that in another condition, members had unique information that other group members didn't know. in the second (unshared information) condition, the group made a worse decision than in the first (shared information) condition. this occurred because groups seldom can agree on who is most expert. focus discussion on the information that all members know. often ignore dissenting opinions. avoid differences of opinion, given conformity pressures.