Shadow banks borrow short-term funds that are not federally insured and use them for long-term investment, and therefore to runs similar to those that occurred during the financial crisis. a) continue to; are vulnerable
b) continue to; are no longer vulnerable
c) no longer; are vulnerable
d) no longer; are no longer vulnerable

A - Continue to/ Are vulnerable.

Explanation:

As the exercise says, Shadow banks (entities that exist outside the system) continue to borrow short-term funds that are not federally insured for long-term investment. This is what makes them vulterable to runs similar to those that occured during the financial crisis: after the subprime meltdown in 2009, the shadow banking activities came under an increased  scrutiny due to their role in the overextension of credit that, alongisde the systematic risk in the financial system, resulted in the financial crisis.

answer; i believe that the correct answer is culture based resources;

for many centuries there were important factors which the economies of the muslim empires developed increasingly. they applied economic procedures in production, investment, finance, taxation and property. they used to tax certain goods (for example: harvest), they charged interest on money lent, they signed contracts with merchants; they relied on a common currency, and they used checks as well as promissory notes. with the money collected by means of taxation, the government provided the needy with an income. in addition, trading networks covered huge distances, so far regions started to have contact and exchange goods. this trade network covered areas of asia, africa and europe.