The primary roles of political parties are; running candidates for political office, checking the other party, informing the public and last but not least, organizing the government so it runs sufficiently. only democrats and republicans regularly win the presidency and, with few exceptions, seats in congress. the majority of voters cast ballots only for republicans and democrats, even when third parties are represented on the ballot. yet, citizens say they are frustrated with the current party system. only 32 percent identify themselves as democrats and only 23 percent as republicans.

Before they can be published, scientific papers must be peer-reviewed. this means that: a) some other scientific experts read the papers and guarantee that they are true.b) some other scientific experts read the papers and provide quality control by eliminating many mistakes.c) an editor reads the papers, to make sure that all the semicolons are in the correct places.d) everyone in the world is given the opportunity to comment on the papers through a specially maintainedblog.e) government bureaucrats read the papers, to be sure that the papers do not insult the political positions ofthe current officeholders.