Which of the following is not a necessary element for collective behavior to occur, according to value-added theory?
a. the spread of a generalized belief.
b. structural conduciveness.
c. structural strain.
d. strong social controls

Strong social controls is not a necessary element for collective behavior to occur, according to value-added theory.

Option: (d)

Explanation:

According to the value-added theory, the collective behavior only develops when there is addition of collective behavior in the society.For the collective to occur, it is compulsory that each of the elements are present. The mere collectiveness of structural strain, spread of generalized grief, structural conduciveness, communication among the crowd and a good leadership from the leader is a must. But, there should not be strong social controls in the society. Value added theory is also the framework that helps to prepare, predict and study collective behavior.