Many different study designs are used in epidemiological research. state which study design is being used in each of the scenarios described below. your choices are as follows:

*experimental study

*retrospective cohort study

*prospective cohort study

*case-control study

*cross-sectional study

*ecological study

a. a hospital-based study of antidepressant medication use during pregnancy and the risk of cleft lip in the offspring. investigators are currently enrolling two groups of women: those who just delivered an infant with a cleft lip and a sample of women who just delivered an infant without any birth defects. the presence or absence of birth defects is based on the newborn physical exam. all mothers are being interviewed to determine their use of antidepressant medications during the pregnancy that just ended.

The study design that better fits is the "Retrospective Cohort Study", consisting of a comparison between 2 groups, one exposed to certain circumstance and the other one excempted from it, to detemine the rate, occurrence or impact of such circumstance on a disease;

RCS aka"Historic Cohort Study", involves repeated observations of certain elements or factors by sampling groups that share common traits, and applied at intervals over time.

Explanation:

answer:

d. because dr. laguardia selected a widely used measure, his study generalizes to has strong external validity. external validity has limited external validity. other applications of this measure.

the widely used measure that he applied to his experiment was the benton facial recognition test. it employed on to football players and as result, only players who suffered brain concussions did not pas this test. and although it has an external validity, it is limited because it isn't general to apply to other population.