The heckscher–ohlin model assumes that: a) consumer tastes within each country have no effect on international trade. b) consumer tastes are the same in the two countries and invariant with respect to income. c) consumer tastes are different in the two countries and have no effect on international trade. d) consumer tastes are different in the two countries and invariant with respect to income.

B). Consumer tastes are the same in the two countries and invariant with respect to income.

Explanation:

As per the given question, the Heckscher- Ohlin model exemplifies an economic theory that unrealistically assumes that consumer tastes are similar in two countries and invariant with respect to income. Such an unrealistic assumption is proposed in this theory to divert the focus towards other elements that contribute to affecting the trade and prices as the chief aim is to evaluate and analyze trade and it's equilibrium in two countries. Thus, option B correctly asserts the assumption of the Heckscher–Ohlin Model.

answer; i believe that the correct answer to the above question is; (tariff)

marginal cost is a microeconomic measure that us to evaluate the extent to which the level of production of a good is sustainable in accounting, that is, to how many quantities the company plans to profit from the production of the good.

the concept of marginal cost is simple, it means the cost of producing one more item. for example, in the case of pies, the marginal cost is the cost of producing one more pie than those that have already been produced.

it is important to understand that productive activity influences marginal cost. the marginal cost of some goods can be very high, while others may be insignificant. for example, the marginal cost of producing an extra plane is very high. already the marginal cost of a water company to provide 1l more water is derisory.

in the case of pies, the cost involves the inputs, the labor and the fixed cost, which involves the fixed space of the bakery. the level of production initially has the marginal cost decreasing because there is space and manpower available. however, to produce more you have to hire more workers and buy more inputs. if physical space is limited, workers will conflict with places, inputs and their productivity will decrease, meaning there is an optimum point of production for each level of space and manpower. from this point on, the productivity of the workers will be getting smaller because of lack of space, so that the marginal cost of producing one more pie will be increasing. so, although you have not posted the chart, but if you have the answer, you can see that my explanation goes according to the marginal cost curve that will increase from the 4th pie, answer (c).