1. how did the protestant and catholic reformations fundamentally change theology, religious institutions, and culture. 2. how did religious refonn both increase state control ofreligious institutions and provide justifications for challenging state authority?

1 - Protestant and Catholic have changed important theological  doctrines regarding human existential perspective, reorienting their approaches to a more incisive care, with an anthropocentric scope. As society has evolved in its exigences over individuals and the discomfort of the being with anxiety, inner-struggling with character limitations and unstable personality behaviors raise.

  The institutions itself are, so, naturally more oriented to attracting and sanitizing/satisfying people rather than passively waiting for adherence like "proprietors of truth and salvation"; position seen on the  nearly monopoly of religious christianity in Middle Age/Medieval Times that preceeded the protestant reform. Regarding culture, we might consider that this focus on the Creature rather than on the Creator has led to a notion that much of what human beings do are natural and acceptable as common and inherent to life, opening huge doors to some certain relativity on basic principles that are responsible for maintaining  a stable society.

2 - With the institutional improvements and variety of denominations together with the modern agreement of dissociation of goverments and religions, increased governamental control is needed for supervision. In the other hand, with the democratization of religious leadership, many institutions with engaged members have made a serious attempt to influence the decisions made on politics that influence life quality of people, as a part of the "caring and loving" doctrine carried and promoted by christians.

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explanation:

i am pretty sure it is d.