In the case of the court concluded that it is wiser to abandon the "two-pronged test" established by the decisions in aguilar and spinelli; in its place, the court reaffirmed the "totality of the circumstance" test that traditionally has informed probable cause determinations.

Illinois v. Gates

Explanation:

Illinois v. Gates was a case that involved the guidelines set by the fourth amendment of the US Constitution. This case arose when the Illinois police received a complaint about the existence of a possible couple of drug traffickers who worked in the illegal distribution of drugs and weapons. and find drugs and weapons that were sold illegally. Despite the presence of a search mantle, the Illinois court found the police action illegal.

In this case, the Court concluded that it is more prudent to abandon the "double test" established by the decisions of Aguilar and Spinelli; in its place, the Court reaffirmed the "totality of circumstances" test that traditionally informed determinations of probable causes.

swahili is an extremely rich and complex civilization, a set of ethnic groups articulated by a language and a series of cultural elements that fuse the african traditions, islam and indian culture. this growth was largely a result of the indian ocean trading network that brought in not just man-made riches, but also religious ideas, specifically islam, which had a significant impact on the local culture. furthermore, the development of the swahili language gave a common cultural unity to the people.

answer; gender,race,age,/// (d) all of these;