Which of the following practices can be effective in minimizing group harms?
ongoing consultation
planning disclosure of research results
collaborative irb review
community consultation
all of the above

All of the given practices can be effective in minimizing group harms.

Option E

Explanation:

As mentioned in the options, a collaborative review of the ongoing research by the Institutional Review Board can be taken from time to time during the course of the research to check whether the group of human samples is facing any adverse effects of the research or not.

A chalked plan promising the disclosure of the results of the research can also help in decreasing group harm. Moreover, consultation among the parties participated in research can also reduce the risk of group harm.

abu bakr, was a senior companion and—through his daughter aisha—a father-in-law of the islamic prophet muhammad. abu bakr became the first openly declared muslim outside muhammad's family. abu bakr served as a trusted advisor to muhammad.

the answer to your question is,

d. when a child was born.

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