Joe sends for a mba catalog from state university. according to the catalog, the mba applications are evaluated on the basis of undergraduate grades, gmat (the appropriate standardized test) scores, references, and other factors that the university, in its discretion, believes will enhance the standing of the university. joe has a 3.1 gpa, scores very well on the gmat, and has excellent references. based on the criteria listed in the catalog, joe applies and pays the $100 application fee. his application is rejected. later he finds out that others with low grades and test scores were accepted based on their family connections with the university. if joe followed all of the guidelines in the college catalog and paid the required application fee, then according to the court in steinberg v. chicago medical school: