The strong underlying force of this novel is the relationship between amir and hassan. discuss their friendship. why is amir afraid to be hassan’s true friend? why does amir constantly test hassan’s loyalty? why does he resent hassan? after the kite running tournament, why does amir no longer want to be hassan’s friend? what major themes does the nature of their friendship explore?

Amir and Hassan are somehow best friends who even had their spot under the pomegranate tree under which Amir will read to Hassan , since Hassan isn't going to school as a servant's son however the differences in their background create some split between them.

Why does Amir constantly test Hassan's loyalty?

Amir doesn't believe that a person can have such amount of loyalty mostly because he is not even confident in himself due to the way his father treat him.

It is hard for him to trust people around him since he can't see that love and loyalty from his father hence he doubt that Hassan can possess such.

This has made Amir to be self centred and egocentric , he even admit to getting Hassan into trouble but still doesn't see that as an issue but just a game.

So he is always testing Hassan because he just doesn't believe in love because of how he is being raised.

After the kite running tournament, why does Amir no longer want to be Hassan’s friend?

Amir won the kit and Hassan runs to get it for him but he doesn't return immediately when Amir goes to check up on him, he finds him being gang raped .

He is afraid to help and instead he hides away due to his failure to help Hassan he is haunted by the guilt.

This was a horrible thing that happened to his friend , very unjust thing but he can't help his friend he knows based on how loyal Hassan is he would have intervened and done something to help Amir so the guilt is eating him away and he chooses to stay away from Hassan.

This test the themes of loyalty and support that one can give to their friends irrespective of the situation , one friend is giving his loyalty to support his friend whilst the other fails to do so.

the correct answer is 2.

a slump in geology means a mass movement process of slope failure. a mass of rock or unconsolidated material drops along a slip surface. in other words, rock layers move a short distance down the slope. the slump block is an intact block (2), without any landslide material.

in this image, 1 is the surface of rapture (scarp), 2 the slump block, 3 main scarp (crown), 4 base of rapture with debris flow.

slumps are caused by clear cutting on unstable soils and the sagging of earth, in coastal areas they are due to wave infiltration.

clearcutting reproduces a new even-aged stand by completely removing the mature stand.

clearcutting as a silvicultural treatment has several characteristics:

it causes a sudden environmental change

it removes the seed source from the regeneration area

the configuration of the clearcut may affect seed dispersal

it begins a new rotation

it will eliminate some pests that require forest cover

overall, it temporarily removes the forest cover, transforming the forest community and environment.

clearcutting followed by artificial (seeded or planted) regeneration has several advantages:

we can avoid delay in restocking the site

we can introduce a selected species, seed source, and genotype

we can control arrangement and spacing

we can achieve uniformity in the new stand

we can overcome the problems associated with securing sufficient natural regeneration.

the shelterwood method involves the removal of most of the mature stand at the end of the rotation, but a portion of the mature stand is left standing.   the shelterwood method serves three basic purposes:

to prepare the stand for production of abundant seed

to modify the environment in a way that promotes germination and survival of the selected species

to build up the amount and size of advance regeneration to ensure the prompt restocking of the new stand following overstory removal.

the shelterwood method involves a sequence of 3 cuttings:

preparatory cuttings: make the seed trees more vigorous and set the stage for regeneration. see our thinning page for more information.

establishment/seed cuttings: open up enough vacant growing space to allow establishment of the new regeneration.

removal cuttings: uncover the new crop to allow it to fill the growing space.

the residual trees in the shelterwood must:

be sturdy and windfirm

be able to survive exposure

flower and reproduce seed

be the best trees of the mature stand

keep in mind that the shelter trees must not occupy the entire site.   a void must be created in order to make room for the new regeneration. the amount of shelter to leave will depend on the following factors:

species characteristics (seeding and shelter requirements)

the number of cuttings in the cutting sequence (1, 2, or 3)

landowner objectives

the size of the area to be regenerated

the final removal harvest level required to be profitable

the shelter must be removed before it impedes the growth of the new stand or threatens its survival.