Results from a research study suggest that a stop-smoking program is very successful. however, the participants who volunteered for the study were all highly motivated to quit smoking and the researcher is concerned that the same results may not be obtained for smokers who are not as motivated. this study has a problem with
a. internal validity.
b. external validity.
c. experimental validity.
d. validity of measurement.

B. External validity

Explanation:

External validity- It refers to the extent through which a conclusion made from the research study can be generalized to the person outside the study.

Generalization is of three types: environmental, temporal, and population.

Threats to external validity:

1. History effects & maturation.

2. Selection biases.

3. Constructs, confounding, and methods.

4. The 'experimental world' versus the 'real world'.

answer; they both highlight the power of the situation in determining behavior;

answer; chemical substances that affect our psychological state;