Summarize how ideas about ecological succession and climax communities have changed .
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Nothing remains the same and habitats are constantly changing. There are two main types of succession, primary and secondary. Primary succession is the series of community changes which occur on an entirely new habitat which has never been colonized before. For example, a newly quarried rock face or sand dunes.  Secondary succession is the series of community changes which take place on a previously colonized, but disturbed or damaged habitat. For example, after felling trees in a woodland, land clearance or a fire. Not much have changed from development of primary and secondary succession.

In some environments, succession reaches a climax, which produces a stable community dominated by a small number of prominent species. This state of equilibrium, called the climax community, is thought to result when the web of interactions between the members of the biological community becomes so intricate that no other species can be admitted. Because changes in climate, ecological processes, and evolutionary processes cause changes in the environment over very long periods of time, the climax stage is not completely permanent.  Climax communities on the other hand, have changed, however it depends on the type of biome and life that is under support of it.

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this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.