Agroup of ray's friends have been waiting for ray for an hour. one says, "he never remembers anything." another says, "he's probably caught in rush hour traffic." what are these friends doing that might be of interest to a social psychologist?

a. They are making attributions.                    

Explanation:

Fritz Heider has given the attributions theory in psychology during the 20th century. Attribution theory is defined as the way people describe their behavior or conduct and that of others. As per this theory, people make attributions to explain the external or psychological cause in determining behavior. Attribution bias occurs when people assess reasons for other's and their behavior, also known as a cognitive bias.

According to Fritz Heider, factors that affect attributions are: task difficulty, efforts, luck etc.

there is an explationation of this on a site called crash   course world history 1

the arab empire adopted the muslim religion as their main belief. arabs would influence the people from the territories they invaded towards islam (the muslim belief).

nevertheless, throughout the history of the arab empire, rulers brought intellectual individuals from other religions to their centers of learning. these other foreigners included jews, christians, greeks, persians, and indians.   these resulted in the adoption of important knowledge developed by these cultures by the arabic empire. for example, the works of aristotle were translated from greek to arab and indian scientists brought the numerical concept of "zero" to the arabs.

nowadays, 93% of the arab population is muslim, which at the same time is subdivided in sects including the sunni, zaini, alawi, shia. the remaining 7% is composed mainly of christians.