Powers not written in the constitution, but necessary to carry out its expressed powers are called
a. enumerated powers.
b. implied powers.
c. inherent powers.
d. oversight powers.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.

answer; lorenz;

answer; motor learning;