Aresearcher places dogs in a cage with metal bars on the floor. the dogs are randomly given electric shocks and can do nothing to prevent them or stop them. later, the same dogs are placed in a cage where they can escape the shocks by jumping over a low hurdle. when the shocks are given, the dogs do not even try to escape. they just sit and cower. this is an example of .learned b. avoidance learning c. aversive conditioning d. vicarious learning

Learned helplessness

Explanation:

Learned helplessness is a phenomenon in which an aversion stimulus was given to a subject repetitively and subject stop trying to escape from the situation. Animals stop trying to escape and utterly demonstrate as cant help it. Even when opportunities are presented then also not try to escape. The researcher was done animals but somehow it applied to human beings too.  

For example, when people feel that don't have control over their situation, they start to behave helplessly. learned helpless concept was given by positive psychologist Martin Saligman. He was found helpless behavior in dogs when they conditioned with an aversive stimulus.

according to hess's theory, when the magma cooled, it would expand and push the tectonic plates apart. it would push the north and south america plates to the west and eurasia and africa ones to the east. the atlantic ocean would get wider but the coastlines of the masses would stay the same.

harry hammond hess was a geologist and a united states navy officer in the second world war. he is considered to be one of the founding fathers of the theory of plate tectonics. he is known for his theories on sea floor spreading, stating that the movement of the continents was the result of see floor spreading. the continents are attached to the plates and do not move separately. the plates themselves shift and change shape, carrying the continents along.