Lying includes
(a) making statements that are completely counterfactual
(b) playing word games to create false impressions.
(c) leaving out part of the whole truth.
(d) all of these answers are correct.

(D) All of these answer are correct.

Explanation:

 Lying basically include hiding the truth and making the statement completely counter factual. The basic meaning of the lying is that leaving the whole part of the truth and hiding some information or message.

It also include that sometimes, it playing with the word games that basically create the false impression. It define as a truthful statement which are made for the purpose to deceive.

Therefore, all the given statement is correct so option (D) is correct answer.

the actual answers are a, b, and d.