In deciding whether to make the payment, phil states that he does not want to fall below the moral minimum in the decision. what is usually considered to be the moral minimum in an ethical decision?

the law

Explanation:

Phil decision whether to make payment or not is an ethical decision. But Phil is concerned about that he should not fall under the moral minimum in this decision.

By the term "moral minimum", Phil means and points towards the laws and regulations of the state. Phil is speaking about the laws made for making such  payments.

Thus, the answer is laws.

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.        

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