In a within-subjects study that extends over a relatively long time, it is possible that there will be systematic changes in the participants’ skills or knowledge during the time of the study. when these changes influence the participants’ scores, causing scores at the end of the study to be different from scores at the beginning, the effect is called

Most sociologists agree that: a. culture is central in shaping gender roles, but only in preliterate societies. b. biological factors have some influence, but cultural factors are more important determinants of gender roles. c. biological factors are influential in determining gender roles, but only in industrial or complex societies. d. biological factors only explain differences between men and women with regard to aggression and disease. e. there is no difference between the influences of culture or biology on the development of gender roles, as they are unpredictable.