Level 1 of moral development, includes 2 stages. the punishment and obedience orientation and the instrument and relativity orientation. briefly explain these two stages and give an example of each one.

Explanation:

Moral Development theory was given Lawerence Kohlberg.

it consists of three stages.  

Pre-conventional:

stage 1: punishment and obedience orientation :

In this stage, the child modeled as he is good to avoid punishment. if someone punished him/ her do wrong things.

For example: Usually, children try to show themselves that they are good at their level but when their parents punished them at something then they did wrong to satisfy their ego.

stage 2: Instrumental relativist orientation:

In this stage, the children start to believe that there is not only one viewpoint behind the reason but other people's viewpoints also do matter and believe that different people have different viewpoints.

Conventional :

stage 3: Good boy; nice girl

stage 4: Law and order orientation

Post-Conventional:

stage 5: Social contract orientation

stage 6: Universal ethical principal

the arab empire adopted the muslim religion as their main belief. arabs would influence the people from the territories they invaded towards islam (the muslim belief).

nevertheless, throughout the history of the arab empire, rulers brought intellectual individuals from other religions to their centers of learning. these other foreigners included jews, christians, greeks, persians, and indians.   these resulted in the adoption of important knowledge developed by these cultures by the arabic empire. for example, the works of aristotle were translated from greek to arab and indian scientists brought the numerical concept of "zero" to the arabs.

nowadays, 93% of the arab population is muslim, which at the same time is subdivided in sects including the sunni, zaini, alawi, shia. the remaining 7% is composed mainly of christians.