Why do parties prefer closed primaries to open primaries?

What rules did the monroe doctrine set for the united states?

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. upon first entering the room, sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. the fact that sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory

What contributions did muslims make to astronomey