Defining your variables for this activity, identify the independent (or quasi- independent) and dependent variables in the following examples. also have identify the type of manipulation used for the independent variable and the scales of measurement for the dependent variable(s). discuss each example and consider any confounding variables that may pose a problem for the study.
(a) a researcher would like to know whether men and women experience jet lag differently. he surveys people traveling from san francisco to new york to measure their feelings of sleepiness and disorientation upon arriving at their destination.
(b) a science teacher wants to test the effectiveness of two types of learning strategies. she uses a flow chart in her first period class and a pneumonic in her fifth period class to them remember the content. she gives the same quiz to each class to examine their ability to remember the information
(c) researchers design a study to measure responses of subway passengers to information announced over the intercom. the same announcement will be made by the conductor, but in one condition, a bell noise will precede the announcement. at the next stop, passengers will be interviewed to determine whether they heard they announcement and if they could decipher the message.