Rodney and elise are u. s. students studying abroad in italy. when they are introduced to their host families, the families kiss them on both cheeks. when rodney’s host brother introduces himself and kisses rodney on both cheeks, rodney pulls back in surprise. where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. this is an example of:
culture shock
imperialism
ethnocentrism
xenocentrism

The correct answer is A. Culture shock

Explanation:

Culture shock occurs when an individual experiences disorientation, confusion, anxiety, and similar emotions when encountering a cultural practice, belief, etc that is different from the ones held in his or her culture. This commonly happens when people migrate or visit a new country or a different society; additionally, culture shock is considered as part of the process of adapting to a new culture. Culture shock can be seen in Rodney's case as he is visiting a new country (Italy) and encounters a cultural practice that is too different from the ones in his country which is that men kiss on both cheeks, situation that causes disorientation and confusion in Rodney as in his country kisses between men are not common and have a romantic connotation. This implies Rodney is encountering a different culture and this causes culture shock.

as university of miami psychologists debra lieberman and adam smith pointed out in a recent article in the journal current directions in psychological science, humans have social and psychological mechanisms to deter incest. with very few exceptions, marriages between brothers and sisters and between parents and their children are verboten in every human culture. the primary psychological anti-incest mechanism is the yuck response. even the idea of sex with their mom or dad, bro or sis is upsetting to most people. the psychologist jonathan haidt has found that nearly everyone is repelled by the prospect of brother-sister sex, even in hypothetical situations in which there is no chance of pregnancy).

the biological cost of incest

this raises an interesting question: just what’s so bad about incest? sure, having sex with your dad or your sister seems gross — but why? some anthropologists have argued that incest taboos are learned social conventions. this explanation, however, doesn’t make sense to me as it does not explain the widespread existence of anti-incest mechanisms in creatures ranging from cockroaches to chimpanzees. second, the incest taboo is about as close to a universal law as human moral rules get.

why should mechanisms to avoid incest be so widespread both in nature and across human societies? the answer is simple. the problem with having sex close with relatives is that there is an astonishingly high chance that your offspring will be born with a serious birth defect.

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