All of the following are advantages of decentralization except: a. decentralization delegates authority to top managers. b. decentralization retain managers. c. decentralization allows managers closest to the operations to make the decisions. d. decentralization provides managers with excellent training.

Decentralization delegates authority to top managers.

Explanation:

It's actually the other way around. In decentralization, they delegates authority from the top managers to the lower level managers.

The purpose of such method is to enable lower level manager to make proper move when facing problems that specifically occurs on his/her branch on a much faster response time.

the psychological impact of incarceration

explanation:

a brief interference with a person's freedom of movement with a duration that can be measured in minute.

answer; utilitarian;