Roberto says, "all dogs bark. spot is a dog. therefore, spot barks." this is an example of a) conservation. b) transitive inference. c) inductive reasoning. d) deductive reasoning.

This is an example D) deductive reasoning.

Deductive reasoning is the type of reasoning concerned with making a general statement, and then citing a more specific statement. It is also known as "top-down" logic. Here, the general statement is all dogs bark. This means that all examples of dogs, including Spot, can bark.