"in any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action. we have gone through all these steps in birmingham. there can be no gainsaying the fact that racial injustice engulfs this community. birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the united states. its ugly record of brutality is widely known."

martin luther king, april 16, 1963

according to king,

a) there is no hope for the city of birmingham.

b) evidence points to many injustices in birmingham.

c) a nonviolent campaign usually ends up in brutality.

d) birmingham unites blacks and whites more than any other us city.