For rotter, the concept of is very similar to bandura's notion of self-efficacy. it is a person's subjective sense that actions will lead to reinforcing outcomes.

The word that should be in the blank space is "locus of control".

"Locus of Control" is a term used in personality psychology that refers to the degree that people believe they have control over the outcome of events in their lives.

Self-Efficacy is an individual's belief in his ability to achieve the goals he or her has set. This includes the ability to overcome obstacles and the determination this individual has to sustain this behavior in time.

Both terms refer to a person's capacity to direct his or her actions in order to achieve the objectives or desired outcomes.

industry had made the u.s. the richest nation in the world at this time. the second industrial revolution caused growth in industry and transportation, which allowed increased trade between nations.

the earth’s crust is broken into separate pieces called tectonic plates (fig. 7.14). recall that the crust is the solid, rocky, outer shell of the planet. it is composed of two distinctly different types of material: the less-dense continental crust and the more-dense oceanic crust. both types of crust rest atop solid, upper mantle material. the upper mantle, in turn, floats on a denser layer of lower mantle that is much like thick molten tar.

each tectonic plate is free-floating and can move independently. earthquakes and volcanoes are the direct result of the movement of tectonic plates at fault lines. the term fault is used to describe the boundary between tectonic plates. most of the earthquakes and volcanoes around the pacific ocean basin—a pattern known as the “ring of fire”—are due to the movement of tectonic plates in this region. other observable results of short-term plate movement include the gradual widening of the great rift lakes in eastern africa and the rising of the himalayan mountain range. the motion of plates can be described in four general patterns:

collision: when two continental plates are shoved together

subduction: when one plate plunges beneath another (fig. 7.15)

spreading: when two plates are pushed apart (fig. 7.15)

transform faulting: when two plates slide past each other (fig. 7.15)