Explain the significance of these events in 10 to 15 words. 1) the french and indian war 2) proclaimation line of 1763 3) stamp act 4) quartering act 5) townshend acts 6) boston massacre 8) intolerable acts 9) first continental congress 10) common sense 11) lexington and concord 12) second continental congress 13) battle of saratoga 14) battle of yorktown

1. French and Indian War  

Ending the Seven Year’s War, also known as the French and Indian War in North America.  France ceded all mainland North American territories, except New Orleans, in order to retain her Caribbean sugar islands. Britain gained all territory east of the Mississippi River; Spain kept territory west of the Mississippi, but exchanged East and West Florida for Cuba.

2. Proclamation of 1763  

Wary of the cost of defending the colonies, George III prohibited all settlement west of the Appalachian mountains without guarantees of security from local Native American nations. The intervention in colonial affairs offended the thirteen colonies' claim to the exclusive right to govern lands to their west.

3. Sugar Act  

The first attempt to finance the defence of the colonies by the British Government. In order to deter smuggling and to encourage the production of British rum, taxes on molasses were dropped; a levy was placed on foreign Madeira wine and colonial exports of iron, lumber and other goods had to pass first through Britain and British customs. The Act established a Vice-Admiralty Court in Halifax, Nova Scotia to hear smuggling cases without jury and with the presumption of guilt. These measures led to widespread protest.

4. Quartering Act  

Colonial assemblies required to pay for supplies to British garrisons. The New York assembly argued that it could not be forced to comply.

5. Stamp Act  

Seeking to defray some of the costs of garrisoning the colonies, Parliament required all legal documents, newspapers and pamphlets required to use watermarked, or 'stamped' paper on which a levy was placed.

6. Townshend Acts

Duties on tea, glass, lead, paper and paint to help pay for the administration of the colonies, named after Charles Townshend, the Chancellor of the Exchequer. John Dickinson publishes Letter from a Philadelphian Farmer in protest. Colonial assemblies condemn taxation without representation.

7. Boston Massacre

Angered by the presence of troops and Britain's colonial policy, a crowd began harassing a group of soldiers guarding the customs house; a soldier was knocked down by a snowball and discharged his musket, sparking a volley into the crowd which kills five civilians.

8. Tea Act  

In an effort to support the ailing East India Company, Parliament exempted its tea from import duties and allowed the Company to sell its tea directly to the colonies. Americans resented what they saw as an indirect tax subsidising a British company.

9. Boston Tea Party  

Angered by the Tea Acts, American patriots disguised as Mohawk Indians dump £9,000 of East India Company tea into the Boston harbour.

10. Intolerable Acts  

Four measures which stripped Massachusetts of self-government and judicial independence following the Boston Tea Party. The colonies responded with a general boycott of British goods.

11. First Continental Congress

Colonial delegates meet to organise opposition to the Intolerable Acts.

12. Battles of Lexington and Concord

First engagements of the Revolutionary War between British troops and the Minutemen, who had been warned of the attack by Paul Revere.

Explanation:

answer; ( action training environment;

the following men who did not in the unification of italy were.

a) giuseppe mazzini

c) alexander ll

the other two men were camilo cavour and giuseppe garibaldi they the unification of italy by yielding territories in the italian unification. in 1861 italy was declared a united-nation state under the sardinian king victor immanuel ll.