The story of stefania podgorska shows that you should always put your own well-being ahead of friends and family.

Stefania Podgorska was a polish teenager and a responsible family member, at 14, moved from her family's farm into town and began working at a grocery store owned by a Jewish family, moved in with the family for a few months.

Nazis conquered the region in 1941.  Stefania, then 16, single-handedly cared for her 6-year-old sister. Grocery store owners forced out of their home and into Jewish ghetto. Stefania smuggled in food and other supplies to the family. In 1942, the Nazis moved all Jews into concetration camps. Hid 13 Jews in the attic of a small cottage until the end of the war.

chronological thinking is an indispensable tool to structure a historical narrative and to give meaning to a sequence of events. the final section presents the results of a survey to test the chronological thinking of lower secondary school students carried out by the educational research institute.