What effects did portuguese trade routes have on west africa ? answer immediately

Direct trade between the portuguese and coastal people of west africa bypassed the routes across the sahara and pulled the coastal region into a closer relationship with Europe.

c

explanation: because you need to reduce the pollution on land,the exhaust fumes will stop,and stop it in water,the oil that is in the oceanharms the fish   sorry if you   have been waiting long  

answer; no longer than a reasonable period of time;