Al knows that carly is not home when he calls, but he leaves a message on carly's answering machine anyway. in this case, which communication model(s) is/are being used

I believe the answer is: the action model

In communication, action model refers to a form of communication that being conducted through a medium, so the receiver of the message could repeat the message over and over again. This type of model is suitable for people who do not always in the same room during their work time or for learners who want to keep the materials for their education on their fingertips.