Why is it impossible under normal circumstances for a person to hold the breath long enough to pass out?

It is impossible for a person to hold their breath long enough to pass out because our body has the ability to control the breathing mechanism itself without influence from outside causes. This is not one of the voluntary mechanisms of the body.

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the correct answer is the following is a list of inventions made in the medieval islamic world, especially during the "islamic golden age" (8th to 13th centuries),[1][2] as well as the late medieval period, especially in the emirate of granada and the ottoman empire.

science and technology in the islamic world adopted and preserved knowledge and technologies from contemporary and earlier civilizations, including persia, india, china, and greece-roman antiquity, while making a number of improvements and innovations.