An antecedent stimulus functions as an only when in its presence a specific response produces reinforcement, and that same response does not produce reinforcement in the absence of that stimuli.

answer; (cognitive   dissonance);

disorders of the brain include both behavior disorders and other psychiatric illnesses. the primary difference between a behavior disorder and another type of psychiatric disorder is the presence of choice. psychiatric conditions are considered to be involuntary while in behavior disorders, choices are essential.