"one of the differences between the behaviorist and cognitive approach to learning is that the cognitive approach is more subject oriented and developed by the instructor."

True. The cognitive approach focuses on the subject and the teaching style of the instructor. The cognitive approach emphasizes on the understanding of the concepts of the subject of study. The behaviorist approach on the other hand focuses on the behaviors that are observed.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.