Adirective issued by a president or governor that has the force of law is known as

It is known as "executive order". 

An executive order is an official order from the president to government offices that regularly have much a similar power of a law. All through history, executive orders have been one way that the authority of the president and the official branch of government has extended, to degrees that are some of the time disputable.

this is a pretty broad question and can be a pretty lengthy answer. since 1900, women have gained a lot more rights and have become active in the workforce. with women being in the workforce, men play a larger role in family life. many family tasks are shared between men and women, whereas, women used to be the sole family caretakers.

that should get you started at least.

answer; negative punishment;