A metal sphere with radius ra is supported on an insulating stand at the center of a hollow, metal spherical shell with radius rb. There is charge + q on the inner sphere and charge − q on the outer spherical shell as shown below. Take the potential v to be zero when the distance r from the center of the spheres is infinite.

Tortoise shells and snail shells are similar in function: they protect the organism from predators. based on a comparison of the organisms in the images, what can you conclude? 1. tortoises and snails have homologous organs, and they’re evolutionarily related. 2. tortoises and snails have homologous organs, and they belong to same species. 3. tortoises and snails have analogous organs, and they belong to the same species. 4. tortoises and snails have analogous organs, and they don’t belong to the same species. 5. tortoises and snails have analogous organs, and they aren’t evolutionarily related.

Match each fossil with the layer where it’ll be present based on those conditions.

What did pavlov initially notice about the animals in his original research after conditioning took place?