Which of these has some mechanical energy? a: an atom b: heat inside earth c: a book on a shelf d: a fire from a lit match

force required to detach it is given by

charges are taken to be fundamental charge

now we have

so above is the minimum distance at which it will detach

the aurora is formed when charged particles emitted from the sun during a solar flare penetrate the earth's magnetic shield and collide with atoms and molecules in our atmosphere. these collisions result in countless little bursts of light, called photons, which make up the aurora.

auroras are generated by charged solar particles hitting molecules in earth's atmosphere. this usually happens in high latitudes, because our planet’s magnetic field tends to funnel these particles toward the poles. that’s why it can be experienced in northern ohio.