What material or device prevents the conducting of electricity?

Explanation:

An insulator. You can see ceramic insulators on telephone poles and power poles if you look carefully. If you live in a city, somewhere in that city is a power station. The insulators are huge. They have to be. The currents are very large in many cases.

adding a(n) to an electric circuit would increase the magnetic field around a wire;

b. solenoid

a solenoid is a type of electromagnet whose purpose is to generate a controlled magnetic field.

if the purpose of the solenoid is instead to impede changes in the electric current, a solenoid can be more specifically classified as an inductor rather than an electromagnet.