Consider a 150-w incandescent lamp. the filament of the lamp is 5-cm long and has a diameter of 0.5 mm. the diameter of the glass bulb of the lamp is 8 cm. determine the heat flux, in w/m2, (a) on the surface of the filament and (b) on the surface of the glass bulb, and (c) calculate how much it will cost per year to keep that lamp on for eight hours a day every day if the unit cost of electricity is $0.08/kwh.

(a).the heat trasfer surface area and heat flux on the surface of filament are Area of Surface= µDL=3.14(0.05cm)(5cm)= 0.785 cm square qs=Q/Area of surface= 150W/0.785= 191W/cmsq.=1.91x10³x10³W/Msq (b). the heat surface on the surface of heat bulb Area of surface = 3.14xD²= 3.14(8CM)²= 201.1cm² qs=Q/Area of surface=150w/201.1cm²=0.75 w/cm²= 7500w/m² the amount and cost of electrical energy consumed during one period is Electrical Consumption=QΛt=(0.15 KW)(365X8h/yr)=438 k Wh/yr Annual cost= 438 kWh/yr)($.08/kWh)= $ 35.04 /yr

Alinear relationship would look like a straight line on the graph. it could have a positive negative or 0 slope. so it could be a line potentially going in any direction but it must be perfectly straight.

From negative to negative