Which model is the best example?     (a, b, c, or d

Explain to someone who knows nothing about fossils the study of invertebrate paleontology and how it scientists understand the history of the earth. be sure your explanation contains a minimum of two complete sentences.

Two polarizers are oriented at 70∘∘ to one another. unpolarized light falls on them. what fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?

Consider a double atwood machine constructed as follows: a mass 4m is suspended from a string that passes over a massless pulley on frictionless bearings. the other end of this string supports a second similar pulley, over which passes a second string supporting a mass of 3m at one end and m at the other. using two suitable generalized coordinates, set up the lagrangian and use the lagrange equations to find the acceleration of the mass 4m when the system is released. explain why the top pulley rotates even though it carries equal weights on each side.